I've had more success fixing WMI issues caused by corrupt updates.
The problem
When running "wmic qfe list" the following is reported "No Instance(s) Available".
The solution for Windows 10
Run “dism /online /cleanup-image /restorehealth”
The solution for Windows 7
Download and run the System Update Readiness Tool, aka CheckSUR, from: https://support.microsoft.com/en-gb/help/947821/fix-windows-update-errors-by-using-the-dism-or-system-update-readiness
CheckSUR will check the package store and try to fix any corrupted packages. Sometimes payloads are missing in which case you need to download these and supply them to CheckSUR.
This is the process to do that:
1. Run CheckSUR.
2. Run "wmic qfe list". If "No Instance(s) Available" is still reported, proceed to number 3.
3. Open the CheckSUR log located at "%SYSTEMROOT%\Logs\CBS\CheckSUR.persist.log" and identify update files flagged as "Unavailable repair files" (you'll find these at the very bottom of the log).
4. Download the update(s) from
https://catalog.update.microsoft.com
5. Copy the downloaded .msu update files to "%SYSTEMROOT%\CheckSUR\packages" (create the packages folder if it doesn't exist).
6. Run CheckSUR once more.
7. Run "wmic qfe list" again. Hopefully the issue is now fixed but if not check the CheckSUR log to see what the issue could be.
Source(s):
https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askperf/2012/06/29/two-minute-drill-win32_quickfixengineering-no-instances-available/
https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/joscon/2010/05/26/using-checksur-and-update-packages-to-fix-corruption/